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September 14th, 2008

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Password Crack Speeds


This document shows the approximate amount of time required for a computer or a cluster of computers to guess various passwords. The figures shown are approximate and are the maximum time required to guess each password using a simple brute force “key-search” attack, it may (and probably will) be possible to guess correctly without trying all the combinations shown using other methods of attack or by having a “lucky guess”.

Classes of Attack

These are just some example speeds, I’d be interested to hear from people with more information about the speed taken to crack various types of passwords with various hardware.

A. 10,000 Passwords/sec
Typical for recovery of Microsoft Office passwords on a Pentium 100

B. 100,000 Passwords/sec
Typical for recovery of Windows Password Cache (.PWL Files) passwords on a Pentium 100

C. 1,000,000 Passwords/sec
Typical for recovery of ZIP or ARJ passwords on a Pentium 100

D. 10,000,000 Passwords/sec

Fast PC, Dual Processor PC.

E. 100,000,000 Passwords/sec

Workstation, or multiple PC’s working together.

F. 1,000,000,000 Passwords/sec
Typical for medium to large scale distributed computing, Supercomputers.

10 Characters

Just numbers. As you can see choosing a password from such a small range of characters is a bad idea.

Numerals 0123456789
Password Class of Attack
Length Combinations Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E Class F
2 100 Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant
3 1000 Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant
4 10,000 Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant
5 100,000 10 Secs Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant
6 1 Million 1½ Mins 10 Seconds Instant Instant Instant Instant
7 10 Million 17 Mins 1½ Mins 1½ Mins Instant Instant Instant
8 100 Million 2¾ Hours 17 Mins 1½ Mins 10 Seconds Instant Instant
9 1000 Million 28 Hours 2¾ Hours 17 Mins 1½ Mins 10 Seconds Instant

26 Characters

The full alphabet, either upper or lower case (not both in this case).

Upper Case Alpha ABCDEFGH…
Lower Case Alpha abcdefgh….
Password Class of Attack
Length Combinations Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E Class F
2 676 Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant
3 17,576 < 2 Secs Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant
4 456,976 46 Secs 5 Secs Instant Instant Instant Instant
5 11.8 Million 20 Mins 2 Mins 12 Secs Instant Instant Instant
6 308.9 Million 8½ Hours 51½ Mins 5 Mins 30 Secs 3 Secs Instant
7 8 Billion 9 Days 22 Hours 2¼ Hours 13 Mins 1¼ Mins 8 Secs
8 200 Billion 242 Days 24 Days 2½ Days 348 Mins 35 Mins 3½ Mins
9 5.4 Trillion 17 Years 21 Months 63 Days 6¼ Days 15 Hours 1½ Hours
10 141 Trillion 447 Years 45 Years 4½ Years 163 Days 16 Days 39¼ Hours
12 95 Quadrillion 302,603 Years 30,260 Years 3,026 Years 302 Years 30 Years 3 Years
15 1.6 Sextillion 53 Trillion years 532 Million years 53 Million years 5 Million years 531,855 Years 53,185 Years
20 19.9 Octillion 63 Quadrillion years 6.3 Quadrillion years 631 Trillion years 63.1 Trillion years 6.3 Trillion years 631 Billion years

36 Characters

The full alphabet, either upper or lower case (not both in this case) plus numbers.

Upper Case Alpha ABCDEFGH….
Lower Case Alpha abcdefgh…
Numerals 0123456789
Password Class of Attack
Length Combinations Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E Class F
2 1,296 Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant
3 46,656 4 Secs Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant
4 1.6 million 2½ Mins 16 Seconds 1½ Seconds Instant Instant Instant
5 60.4 million 1½ Hours 10 Mins 1 Min Instant Instant Instant

52 Characters

This time we’re trying the full alphabet but using a mixture of upper and lower case letters, that effectively doubles the number of combinations when compared with just using a single case.

Mixed Alpha AaBbCcDdEeFfG…
Password Class of Attack
Length Combinations Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E Class F
2 2,704 Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant
3 140,608 14 Secs < 2 Secs Instant Instant Instant Instant
4 7.3 Million 12½ Mins 1¼ Mins 8 Secs Instant Instant Instant
5 380 Million 10½ Hours 1 Hour 6 Minutes 38 Secs 4 Secs Instant
6 19 Billion 23 Days 2¼ Days 5½ Hours 33 Mins 3¼ Mins 19 Secs
7 1 Trillion 3¼ Years 119 Days 12 Days 28½ Hours 3 Hours 17 Mins
8 53 Trillion 169½ Years 17 Years 1½ Years 62 Days 6 Days 15 Hours
9 2.7 Quadrillion 8,815 Years 881 Years 88 Years 9 Years 322 Days 32 Days

62 Characters

Mixed upper and lower case alphabetic characters plus numbers.

Mixed Alpha and Numerals 0123456789AaBbCcD…
Password Class of Attack
Length Combinations Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E Class F
2 3,844 Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant
3 238,328 23 Secs < 3 Secs Instant Instant Instant Instant
4 15 Million 24½ Mins 2½ Mins 15 Secs < 2 Secs Instant Instant
5 916 Million 1 Day 2½ Hours 15¼ Mins 1½ Mins 9 Secs Instant
6 57 Billion 66 Days 6½ Days 16 Hours 1½ Hours 9½ Mins 56 Secs
7 3.5 Trillion 11 Years 1 Year 41 Days 4 Days 10 Hours 58 Mins
8 218 Trillion 692 Years 69¼ Years 7 Years 253 Days 25¼ Days 60½ Hours

86 Characters

Mixed upper and lower case alphabet and common symbols.

Mixed Alpha & Symbols AaBbCcDdE”#$%&…
Password Class of Attack
Length Combinations Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E Class F
2 7,396 Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant
8 2.9 Quadrillion 9,488 Years 948 Years 94 Years 57 Years 346 Days 34 Days

96 Characters

Mixed upper and lower case alphabet plus numbers and common symbols.

Mixed Alpha, Numerals & Symbols 0123456789AaBbCc>?@[\]^_`{|}~…
Password Class of Attack
Length Combinations Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E Class F
2 9,216 Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant Instant
3 884,736 88½ Secs 9 Secs Instant Instant Instant Instant
4 85 Million 2¼ Hours 14 Mins 1½ Mins 8½ Secs Instant Instant
5 8 Billion 9½ Days 22½ Hours 2¼ Hours 13½ Mins 1¼ Mins 8 Secs
6 782 Billion 2½ Years 90 Days 9 Days 22 Hours 2 Hours 13 Mins
7 75 Trillion 238 Years 24 Years 2½ Years 87 Days 8½ Days 20 Hours
8 7.2 Quadrillion 22,875 Years 2,287 Years 229 Years 23 Years 2¼ Years 83½ Days

Examples

These are just a couple of examples to show the resilience of certain types of password, using the information in the tables above you will be able to make your own examples.

Sample Passwords Class of Attack
Pwd Combinations Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E Class F
darren 308.9 Million 8½ Hours 51½ Mins 5 Mins 30 Secs 3 Secs Instant
Land3rz 3.5 Trillion 11 Years 1 Year 41 Days 4 Days 10 Hours 58 Mins
B33r&Mug 7.2 Quadrillion 22,875 Years 2,287 Years 229 Years 23 Years 2¼ Years 83½ Days

Written by Harry Waring on September 14th, 2008 with no comments.
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25 Cool Thumb Drive Apps


Here is a list of 25 invaluable portable apps that can be installed on an Ipod or Thumb Drive. These are really cool!

  1. TrueCrypt – encrypt your thumb drive to protect your information
  2. ToDoList – A tak management tool that allows you to repeatedly sub-divide your tasks into more manageable pieces whilst still presenting a clean and intuitive user experience. (Windows Only)
  3. Portable Firefox – Leaves no personal information behind on the machine - you can take along your browser/extensions/bookmarks anywhere
  4. Pidgin Portable – All-in-one instant messaging (supports AIM, ICQ, MSN Messenger, Yahoo, G-Chat, etc)
  5. WS FTP32 – ftp client
  6. FileZilla – yet another ftp client
  7. Notepad2 – a fast light-weight advanced text editor with syntax highlighting
  8. Notepad++ - this is one of my favorite text editors – now made portable
  9. Color Cop – this is one of my favorite freeware apps – includes an eyedropper you can drag over any window to grab the color value. It then offers a palette of 42 complimentary colors to the one you’ve picked.
  10. Ifranview – a light little graphics viewer/editor that packs a big punch. You can use it to work with screen captures, create slideshows and more
  11. GIMP – the popular open source image editor packaged as a portable app – very robust
  12. 7-Zip Portable – handles zip, gzip, tar, rar etc
  13. Allway Sync – syncs files between your thumb drive and PC
  14. Unknown Devices – helps you find out what the unknown devices in the device manager are
  15. TestDisk – data recovery software that can recover lost partitions or make drives bootable again
  16. UTorrent – my preferred bit torrent client – I love having this with me wherever I go
  17. Roeder’s .NET Reflector – recently purchased by Red Gate, this still-free app can be used to explore .NET assemblies, understand relationships between classes and methods, find where types are instantiated and exposed or check that code has been correctly obfuscated before release. There are also over 30 add-ins available.
  18. Process Explorer – formerly Filemon and Regmon, this is an invaluable sleuthing tool
  19. TightVNC – based on the popular VNC remote control software, this version can live on a thumb drive
  20. WinMerge – compares differences between files and merges changes. It has the same features as the desktop version
  21. Text2Html – a text to HTML converter – converts text files into HTML format
  22. Portable Apps Suite – this is the mac-daddy of them all – it includes Firefox, Thunderbird(email), Sunbird(calendar),ClamWin (antivirus), Pidgin(see above), Sumatra PDF Readable, KeePass Password Safe, OpenOffice, CoolPlayer (audio Player) and even a couple of games
  23. Restoration – Recover accidentally deleted files – even after they were deleted from the recycle bin
  24. Infra Recorder Portable – cd and dvd burning
  25. RockXP – allows you to recover windows passwords or keys, change keys, display system password, and more – sneaky!

Written by Harry Waring on September 14th, 2008 with no comments.
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Setting Up Apache in Ubuntu

From a technical perspective, you could say that a web server is just a special kind of file server: all it does is offer files that are stored in a dedicated directory structure. The root of this structure is called the document root, and the file format that offers the files is HTML, the hypertext markup language. But a web server can provide more than just HTML files. In fact, the web server can serve just about anything, as long as it is specified in the HTML file. Therefore, a web server is a very good source for streaming audio and video, accessing databases, displaying animations, showing photos, and much more.

Apart from the web server where the content is stored, the client also has to use a specific protocol to access this content as well, and this protocol is HTTP (the hypertext transfer protocol). Typically, a client uses a web browser to generate HTTP commands that retrieve content, in the form of HTML and other files, from a web server.

You’ll likely encounter two different versions of Apache web server. The most recent version is 2.x, and this is the one installed by default on Ubuntu Server. You may, however, encounter environments that still use the earlier 1.3. This often happens if, for instance, custom scripts have been developed for use with 1.3, and those scripts aren’t compatible with 2.x.


Apache Components
Apache is a modular web server, which means that the core server (whose role is essentially to serve up HTML documents) can be extended using a variety of optional modules. For example, the libapache2-mod-php5 module allows your Apache web server to work with scripts written in PHP 5. Likewise, many other modules are available for Apache. To give you an initial impression, I’ll list some of the most useful modules:

• libapache2-mod-auth-mysqld: This module tells Apache how to handle user authentication against a MySQL database.

• libapache2-mod-auth-pam: This module instructs Apache how to authenticate users, using the Linux PAM mechanism.

• libapache-mod-frontpage: This module instructs Apache how to handle web pages using Microsoft FrontPage extensions.

• libapache2-mod-mono: This module tells Apache how to interpret ASP.NET code.

This is a short and incomplete list of all the modules you can use on the Apache web server: http://modules.apache.org currently lists more than 450 modules. It’s important that you determine exactly which modules you need for your server so that you can extend its functionality accordingly. Now, let’s move on to the configuration of the Apache web server itself.


Starting, Stopping, and Testing the Apache Web Server
Like almost all other services you can use on Ubuntu Server, the Apache web server is not installed automatically. The two packages that are available to install Apache are the apache package and the apache2 package. At present, apache2 is the more common, and only in specific situations does it make sense to use the older apache package. To check if Apache has already been installed, use dpkg -l | grep apache. If this command doesn’t show an Apache server, install it using apt-get install apache2.

The most important part of the Apache web server is the HTTP daemon (httpd) process. This process is started from the script /etc/init.d/apache2; to run it from the command line, use /etc/init.d/apache2 start. If this command finishes without any errors, your web server is up and running, which you can check with the ps aux | grep apache command. This command shows that different instances of the Apache web server are ready and waiting for incoming connections.

After starting the Apache web server, you can test its availability in several ways. The best way, however, is to just try to connect, because, after being installed, a default web server is listening for incoming requests. So wait no longer: launch a browser and connect to HTTP port 80 on your local host. It should show you a page, it doesn’t look very nice, but that’s only because you haven’t configured anything yet.

Source of Information : Apress Beginning Ubuntu Server Administration From Novice To Professional

Written by magakos on September 14th, 2008 with no comments.
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