The original hackers who invented the tools used under Unix hated waiting around for things to happen. After all, being a hacker is all about finding the most efficient way of doing any particular task.

Because of this, the BASH shell includes many features designed to optimize the user experience. The most important of these is the command history. BASH remembers every command you enter (even the ones that don’t work!) and stores them as a list on your hard disk.

During any BASH session, you can cycle through this history using the up and down arrow keys. Pressing the up arrow key takes you back into the command history, and pressing the down arrow key takes you forward. The potential of the command history is enormous. For example, rather than retype that long command that runs a program with command options, you can simply use the cursor keys to locate it in the history and press Enter.

On my Ubuntu test system, BASH remembers 1000 commands. You can view all of the remembered commands by typing history at the command prompt. The history list will scroll off the screen because it’s so large, but you can use the scroll bars of the GNOME Terminal window to read it.

Each command in the history list is assigned a number. You can run any of the history commands by preceding their number with an exclamation mark (!), referred to as a bang, or sometimes a shriek. For example, you might type !923. On my test system, command number 923 in the BASH history is cd .., so this has the effect of switching me into the parent directory.

Command numbering remains in place until you log out (close the GNOME Terminal window or end a virtual console session). After this, the numbering is reordered. There will still be 1000 commands, but the last command you entered before logging out will be at the end of the list, and the numbering will work back 1000 places until the first command in the history list.

Rather than specifying a command number, you can type something like !cd. This will cause BASH to look in the history file, find the last instance of a command line that started with cd, and then run it.

Pressing Ctrl+R lets you search the command history from the command prompt. This particular tool can be tricky to get used to, however. As soon as you start typing, BASH will autocomplete the command based on matches found in the history file, starting with the last command in the history. What you type appears before the colon, while the autocompletion appears afterwards.

Because BASH autocompletes as you type, things can get a little confusing when you’re working with the command history, particularly if it initially gets the match wrong. For example, typing cd will show the last instance of the use of cd. This might not be what you’re looking for, so you must keep typing the command you do want until it autocompletes correctly.

Source of Information : Apress Beginning Ubuntu Linux 3rd Edition

Description of MS Antispyware 2009 and consequences of its residing on your PC

There is a good hint of malicious nature of this program in the name of it. MS Antispyware 2009 is to guard a spy like a bodyguard is to guard a body. It is unlikely that anyone would like to have a program guarding viruses and spyware at infected computer. But MS Antispyware 2009 makes it as this prevents its own removal. Try to remove MS Antispyware 2009 from Program List of your Start Manu and you will simply not find it! This program hides itself because it is a true spyware itself.
MS Antispyware 2009 may be manually downloaded from websites offering free downloads of so called antispyware solutions, from websites dedicated only to MS Antispyware 2009, and also it may be unintentionally installed with free data downloaded by user from unsafe websites. Illegitimate methods are also quite popular like installation with trojans and from spam.
Remove MS Antispyware 2009 to save your data stored at hard disks and to guarantee Windows stability. Fortunately, the scan conducted by MS Antispyware 2009 does not end with disclosure of threats locations and, properly speaking, there is no scan but just a pure pretending.  It is good that MS Antispyware 2009 does not say where it has found this or that threat, as this at least eliminates the danger of manual deletion of harmless files by naive and enthusiastic users. At the same time, MS Antispyware 2009 activities lead to system freezes and sudden reboots. Click here  to start free scan and get rid of MS Antispyware 2009 and any other rogue exposed.

MS Antispyware 2009 Technical Details

• Full name: MS Antispyware 2009, MSAntispyware 2009, MSAntispyware2009
• Version: 2009
• Type: Rogue anti-spyware
• Origin: Russian Federation, http://msantispyware2009.com

MS Antispyware 2009 Screenshots (click to enlarge):

Signs of being infected with MS Antispyware 2009:

Remove MS Antispyware 2009 if its full version installed, soon it will ask you for updates and activate temporary disabled trojans to start harming computer as this is the most working client’s stimulation which those dirty businessmen pushing MS Antispyware 2009 know and expect to make user pay for new portion of crapware.
In case of trialware of MS Antispyware 2009, it behaves as follows:
-    if trojan installation: trojan may show various ads, clicking them activates shadowed installation of MS Antispyware 2009. Pay attention to these alerts so there is an option to remove MS Antispyware 2009’s trojan. After installation of MS Antispyware 2009 full trialware, it behaves in same style in case of trojan installation and in any other case (spam, manual downloads).
-    If manual installation and any other case of installation, incl. after trojan installation: large program window is regularly appearing, it has usually pale-blue and white background.
If you are not sure about your computer infection status, click here  here and start free scan to detect and remove MS Antispyware 2009, as well as any other malware and supporting viruses and trojans.

Automatic Removal of MS Antispyware 2009 from your PC:

No matter how you are going to remove MS Antispyware 2009, it is strongly recommended to conduct free scan in order to make sure MS Antispyware 2009 removal provides total deliverance from programmed evil like malware and viruses. Follow the link below to install free copy of MS Antispyware 2009 removal tool and get rid of  MS Antispyware 2009 and other rogues found in the way you would choose.

Download MS Antispyware 2009 Removal Tool

Manual Removal of MS Antispyware 2009:

It is very important requirement to reboot Windows before you start to remove MS Antispyware 2009 manually in safe mood as this would prevent trojan’s counteraction.  Follow the instruction below in no haste to remove MS Antispyware 2009 without errors caused by mistyping and omissions and thus to avoid its restoration.

Remove MS Antispyware 2009 files and dll’s

MSAntispyware2009.exe
MS Antispyware 2009.lnk
Help.lnk

Unregister MS Antispyware 2009 registry values:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\MSAntispyware 2009
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run “MSAntispyware2009″

MS Antispyware 2009 Remover with free scan

Two primary search tools are available for your Ubuntu desktop: Search For Files and Tracker. Search For Files is installed by default and is accessible by choosing Places Search For Files. The Tracker search and desktop indexer is accessible from Applications Accessories Tracker search tool. When you start using Tracker, a Tracker icon will appear in the top panel. Tracker will actually index your files, making access more efficient. The GNOME file manager also provides its own search tool for quickly finding files. As an alternative, you can use the DeskBar search applet, which also makes use of Tracker indexing.


Tracker: Indexed Search
Tracker is a GNOME desktop indexing search tool (www.gnome.org/projects/tracker/) that’s technically named Meta-Tracker. Tracker is turned off by default as its indexing function can be resource intensive. You can enable Tracker by choosing System Preferences Search And Indexing and checking both the Enable Indexing and Enable Watching check boxes on the General tab. If you find that indexing is consuming too many resources, you can turn it off by unchecking the Enable Indexing check box. You can still use Tracker to perform searches if you have Enable Watching checked. Once enabled, the Tracker applet appears on the right side of the top panel. You can right-click the icon to display a menu for selecting preferences as well as to start Tracker or pausing indexing. Tracker indexes not just by name or location, but also by metadata and content of files and directories. Indexing is performed by the trackerd daemon.

To use Tracker, click its icon to open a search window, where you can enter your search and display the results. You can also open this window directly by rightclicking the Tracker icon and choosing Search. Search results are organized into Categories in the side pane. The results for a selected category are shown in the top-right pane. Information about a selected result appears in the lower-right pane. Tracker also has an indexer that can be configured using the Tracker Preferences window. Right-click the Tracker icon and choose Preferences, or choose System Preferences Search And Indexing. You’ll see tabs for General, Files, Ignored Files, Email, and Performance. On the General tab, you can enable or disable indexing. On the Files tab, you can specify what directories to index. Your home directory is already specified. You can also choose to index the contents of files. The Ignored Files tab lets you exclude directories from indexing, as well as files with certain patterns in their names. On the Email tab, you can index e-mail clients such as Evolution or Thunderbirds, as well as specify particular mbox files. The Performance tab lets you control the amount of resources indexing will use.


Search for Files
The Search For Files tool performs basic file searching. It uses a GNOME front end for the Linux grep, find, and locate tools. Choose Places Search For Files and enter the pattern for which you want to search. File-matching characters (wildcards) will help, such as an ampersand (*) for filename completion or brackets ([]) to specify a range of possible characters or numbers.

Enter the pattern of the search in the Name Contains text box, and then select the folder or file system in which to search from the Look In Folder drop-down menu. The user’s home folder is selected by default. You can then elect to specify advanced options such as the Contains The Text text box for searching the contents of text files (grep), or additional file characteristics such as the file date, size, or owner type (find). You can also use a regular expression to search filenames.


GNOME File Manager Search
The GNOME file manager uses another search tool with similar features. You enter a pattern on which to search, but you can also specify file types. The search begins from the folder opened, but you can specify another folder to search (Location option). Click the plus (+) button to add location and file type search parameters. In the browser mode, you can click the Search button on the toolbar to make the URL box a Search box. Pop up menus for Location and File Type will appear in the folder window, with + and – buttons for adding or removing location and file type search parameters.

Source of Information : McGraw Hill Ubuntu The Complete Reference