理解にWindowsヴィスタサービス堅くなること

マイクロソフトによってはずっと最も安全なWindowsとしてWindowsヴィスタが押売りしている。 その要求をバックアップして、マイクロソフトはオペレーティングシステムにいくつかの新しいセキュリティ機能を含めた。 これらの新しい特徴はWindowsの前のバージョンが匿名の悪漢および他の犯罪者に落ちた共通のベクトルのいくつかに演説するように設計されている。

Windowsヴィスタの1つのそのような新しい特徴はWindowsサービス堅くなることとして知られている。 Windowsのより古い版では、サービスは最少の可能な特権と必ずしも動かなかった。 実際は、Windowsサービスは頻繁にのようなアクセスの非常に高レベルの記述の下で、動いた LocalSystem 記述。 更に、ユーザーは頻繁に彼らのシステムで走るサービスに気づいていないしあるサービスが不具になってが安全であることを意識しない。 最後に、サービスおよびユーザーの適用は不適当なアクセスで起因できる同じスペースで動いた。 必要に一致させなかった特権と動くサービス、およびユーザーが要求しなかったこと動くサービスの結果として、ウィンドウズのデスクトップは攻撃により傷つきやすい残っていた。

Windowsサービスは何を堅くしているか。

堅くなるヴィスタのサービスはこれらの欠点のいくつかを軽減するように設計されている。 特徴は4つの目的を達成するのに方法を使用する:

• サービス分離
• 最少特権
• 限られたネットワーク・アクセス
• 会議0の分離

私達は細部のこれらの保証方法述べている。

サービス分離

Windowsヴィスタの前にサービスが保証の高レベルを要求した目的へのアクセスを必要としたときに、2つのアプローチの1つは取ることができる:

• サービスはシステムに権利の高レベルを与えた記述を使用して動かすことができる。 LocalSystem 記述は、例えば、サービスのこのレベルを提供する。 これは最も一般に取られたが、可能な攻撃に不必要にシステムを開発したアプローチである。
• アクセスが要求された目的のためのセキュリティとコンフィギュレーションは少数の特権の特別な記述からのアクセスを許可するために再構成できる。 管理上の不快感の作成のほかに(それらの記述のあらゆる記述そしてそれから維持パスワードのためのサービス勘定を作成しなければならないことを想像しなさい)、このアプローチはシステムを攻撃するため別のベクトルを攻撃者に与える。

サービス分離を書き入れなさい。 サービス分離はヴィスタサービスが管理上のたがを通って跳ぶか、または極度管理者の記述を使用しないで必須の目的にアクセスできる方法である LocalSystem. サービス分離は」保証IDを含んでいる€アクセス制御記入項目が付いている登録のキーの€â」のようなターゲット目的のâをしっかり止めることによって働く This ID is referred to as a “service identity”, “per-service SID” or, in some documentation, just “SID”, which should not be confused with the phrase “security identifier” (also known as the SID) used by Windows and Active Directory. This SID is unique to the service and is derived from the service name.

Once the SID is created and assigned for use by a service, an object’s (for example, a registry key to which a service needs to write information) access control list can be modified to include the new SID, thus allowing the service to access the object without giving away the privilege farm.

Restricted SIDs

Even when a service is using one of these service-specific SIDs, the service is still able to access other resources because the service’s process token also contains the SID for the service account (ie, LocalService or NetworkService). If the service is compromised, a potential attacker can cause additional damage by accessing the resources that are not related to the service, but are accessible to the LocalService account.

Windows Vista tries to help you here, too. In an attempt to limit the potential damage caused by a compromised service, Windows Vista combines write-restricted tokens and per-service SIDs to establish restricted SIDs for services. If a service enables a restricted SID, then that service’s per-service SID is combined with both the normal and restricted SID list of the write-restricted service access token. Now, the service can write only to objects that have been specifically granted write access to one of the SIDs in the restricted list.

Let’s look at an example.

Suppose that a particular service runs using the LocalService account and also has a service SID enabled. As a result, the service has access to objects that have been granted per-service access, but the service also has access to all objects that provide access to the LocalService account. By enabling restricted SIDs, this can no longer write to any object that grants access to LocalService account. Why? Those objects do not grant write access to the per-service SID of your service.

Least privilege

The LocalSystem account provides the keys to every aspect of a system. This is also the account under which many Windows services run. Therefore, these services are favourites among hackers since a successful exploit against one of these services can provide wide and deep access to a system.

In order to protect a system, a best practice is to run each service using an account with the least privileges necessary to accomplish the service’s goals. Although Windows provides other accounts that have significantly fewer rights, some services require privileges provides only by the LocalSystem account.

Under older versions of Windows, the LocalSystem account provided carte blanche access. Under Windows Vista, services requiring LocalSystem-only rights can still use the LocalSystem account, but can be configured to be granted only those rights that are required for the service to operate, and no more. LocalSystem is not the only account that can use this new feature. The following accounts or account types can also use this least privilege mechanism:

• LocalService account: The LocalService account has minimum rights on the local computer and uses anonymous credentials on the network. This account has reduced privileges and acts in a similar fashion to an authenticated local user account. Use of this account is useful when the LocalSystem account provides too much access for services that do not need deep access to a system.
• NetworkService account: The NetworkService account is similar to the LocalService account in that this account provides lesser rights than LocalSystem. Where NetworkService differs from LocalService is in cases during which the service needs to access remote resources. Whereas LocalService provides anonymous credentials for access to remote resources, NetworkService accesses remote resources using the credentials of the computer account.
• Domain accounts: User accounts created in the Active Directory domain.
• Local accounts: User accounts created on the local computer.

Under Windows Vista, when a service starts, the service requests specific privileges — not all privileges — provided by the LocalSystem account. Rights that are not specifically requested in some way are removed from the service’s access token. If a service has not been designed with this new security feature, the service is assigned all of the rights granted by LocalSystem. This helps to maintain backward compatibility for older services. For shared-process services, all processes in the group are assigned all of the rights requested by each of the individual processes.

It’s important to note that this principle of least privilege does not limit a hacker’s ability to exploit a flaw in a service. It does, however, limit the damage that can be wrought by an attacker’s successful breach of your other defences.

Service network access restrictions

Over the years, services running in Windows have become more and more dependent on being accessible to the network or accessible by other computers on your network. Services that face the network in this way are more vulnerable to attack since, in order to work their magic, these services are just waiting for remote connections, making them more susceptible to malicious activity.

Under Windows Vista, a developer can restrict a service’s access by TCP/UDP port, protocol, or even by the direction that network traffic is flowing. When restrictions like these are in place, attempts to access a service using other methods will be blocked, protecting that service from some attack vectors.

Windows Vista services can also be configured to not allow network access in which case the service cannot be remotely exploited, but neither can the service make connections to remote services. However, not every service really needs network access.

Windows Vista’s service-level network access restrictions hardening feature works in a similar fashion, as the service isolation feature in that the restrictions are implemented through the use of service-level SIDs.

Session 0 isolation

For this section, the assumption is that you are using Vista as a desktop, and not as a server serving remote users.

Under Windows XP, when a user logs into the console, all services and applications run in what is called Session 0. When Fast User Switching is enabled in Windows XP, the first user’s applications are assigned to Session 0, along with all of the system’s running services. As additional users log into the system via Fast User Switching, each additional user’s applications are run inside a new session. So the second user’s applications run in Session 1, and the third user’s applications run in Session 2. However, regardless of how many people log in to the system, all services, as well as the original user’s applications, continue to run in Session 0.

Mixing services, many of which run with considerable privileges, with user applications can create significant security issues. If an application is poorly written, falls victim to an exploit, or if that application is running in the same session as services, those services are more vulnerable to compromise than they would be if the applications were running in a separate box.

In order to combat this potential threat, Windows Vista does not allow any user applications to be run in Session 0. All other applications must run in Session 1 or higher. Only services and other non-user-facing applications run in Session 0, thus maintaining isolation between services and user applications.

New and improved service security

Through these changes to the Windows Vista service model, Windows Vista aims to better protect your system in the event of a breach. With the exception of Session 0 Isolation, Vista’s Service Hardening features are not necessarily designed to block attacks on services hosted in Vista. Instead, Vista’s Service Hardening features are designed to limit the potential damage that can be done when a service is breached.

Service Hardening, when combined with other Vista services, such as its new firewall, can provide a formidable defence. Between these and other services, Vista provides multiple layers of defence, designed to keep your system safe and secure.

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