发动和停止计算机是一个简单的过程。 然而，有好方式如此做和坏办法，也是。


孕穗
解雇计算机通过打开电源提到开始它的过程。 重新起动意味通过告诉操作系统重新开始计算机对第一优美地停止，然后重新开始自己。 通常，您不应该通过然后转动力量重新起动计算机。


选择从停止您的计算机的选择
那里来时候，当所有好事必须濒于结束-，即使短时间。 当您停止使用您的计算机时， Ubuntu提供几个选择给保存力量并且保护您的数据。 要访问这些选择，选择系统？ 从地精目录杆放弃。 或您在屏幕的上部正确的角落能简单地点击红色被放弃的按钮。

不管怎样，被放弃的对话开始，以这些选择：

• 关闭： 优美地结束所有活动并且关闭电源。

• 您的图解桌面消失，并且Ubuntu列出它关闭的系统。 在Ubuntu完成关闭它的系统之后，您被提示按输入键…

Ubuntu提供一个强有力和有用的图形接口。 您可使用Ubuntu的图表执行任务的每个类型，例如发现和打开文件和安装网络界面。然而， Linux也提供一个无图和非常强有力的接口，您键入命令在键盘而不是点击老鼠。 微软视窗，实际上，非常艰苦设法跟上Linux和提供无图的命令。

Linux计算机做广泛的用途壳。 壳是提供文本基于用户界面给Linux操作系统的节目。 当工作在壳，用户进入时一个命令加上任意论据和壳解析(分离命令的各种各样的部分入能用的零件)然后执行命令。 由于壳用于发射命令(节目)，他们经常指命令行接口(CLI)。

壳提供平台给发射节目和一个强有力的程序环境。 Any program that you interactively launch from a shell, you can also launch from a script — you create scripts to automate commands that you would normally manually type at the command line. Shells provide many of the functions you find in programming languages. You...

Everything that you use or save on a computer is stored as a file on disk drives of some sort. Programs are stored as files. Other types of information, such as word processing files, spreadsheets, and photographs, are stored as files, too. In fact, Linux organizes every resource (except network connections) as a file. All of these resources together are considered a file system.

Linux interacts with all devices as if they are files. For instance, your hard drive is viewed as the file /dev/hda or /dev/hdb. Each file is actually the IDE interface of the first and second hard drive, respectively.

Directory rules

Files are stored inside directories. Directories are actually files themselves whose sole purpose is to allow files to be logically organized.

Linux directories are like Windows folders.

There's no requirement that any particular files have to be located in any particular directories. However, all Linux computers adhere to conventions that provide these general organization rules:

...

The word Linux has different meanings, depending on the context in which it's referred to:

Linux kernel: Linux is the operating system that controls everything you do on your Ubuntu computer; this is technically the Linux kernel. The Linux kernel controls who can use resources like memory, disk space, and time allocated on the central processing unit (CPU).

Linus Torvalds started writing the Linux kernel in 1991 because he wasn't satisfied with any of the operating systems he had access to. Early on, he released his work to the nascent Internet and immediately hit a nerve. The power of communication and the need for such an operating system resulted in many talented people helping to make the project a success. Linus also licensed his work under the GNU General Public License (GPL), which allowed people to use, modify, and distribute his work as long as they allowed others to do the same. Using the Internet and GPL, Linux quickly exploded into worldwide use and today is second only to Microsoft Windows in use.

Linux

...

Ubuntu is a Linux distribution. Linux distributions take the Linux kernel (the kernel is the software that orchestrates the interaction of programs and applications with computer hardware) and add an installation system, administration software, productivity applications, and other parts to make it possible for people to use their computers. Putting the parts together creates a sum that is greater than the pieces themselves.

I often use the word Linux as shorthand for Linux distribution. Depending on the context, Linux can mean just the software system that allocates resources on a computer; the Linux kernel is a computer operating system that humans use to interface with the bits and bytes that computers understand. But more frequently, Linux means the sum total of parts that we interact with. I also use the term Ubuntu to refer to Ubuntu Linux, which is the Linux distribution created by the Ubuntu organization.

Beyond the bits and pieces that make up your average Linux distribution, Ubuntu Linux is dedicated to the following principles and capabilities:

Free and open source: Every application, utility, and

...